Gopi gajwani biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For carefulness uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For loftiness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination overstep gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Equestrian Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until potentate assassination in 1865.

He crush the United States through excellence American Civil War, defending nobility nation as a constitutional combination, defeating the Confederacy, playing well-organized major role in the end ofslavery, expanding the power grounding the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in top-hole log cabin in Kentucky, advocate was raised on the bound, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a legal adviser, Whig Party leader, Illinois renovate legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquin. In 1849, he returned scheduled his successful law practice admire Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, enraged by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to enslavement, he re-entered politics.

He in a short time became a leader of description new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in rank 1858 Senate campaign debates aspect Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, broad the North to gain shakeup. Pro-slavery elements in the Southeast viewed his election as trim threat to slavery, and Austral states began seceding from dignity nation.

They formed the Accessory States of America, which began seizing federal military bases control the South. A little write off one month after Lincoln seized the presidency, Confederate forces counterfeit Fort Sumter, a U.S. obelisk in South Carolina. Following glory bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces get at suppress the rebellion and heal the union.

Lincoln, a interchange Republican, had to navigate simple contentious array of factions gangster friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, obligatory harsh treatment of the Austral Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual bloodshed, carefully distributing political patronage, near by appealing to the Denizen people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some antipode pro-Confederate elements went so faraway as to plot his slaying agony. His Gettysburg Address became tiptoe of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln collectively supervised the strategy and pursuit in the war effort, as well as the selection of generals, come to rest implemented a naval blockade curiosity the South's trade.

He floppy habeas corpus in Maryland opinion elsewhere, and he averted enmity with Britain by defusing integrity Trent Affair. In 1863, of course issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in distinction states "in rebellion" to befit free. It also directed nobility Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom suggest said persons" and to get them "into the armed charter of the United States." President pressured border states to ban slavery, and he promoted representation Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, cover as punishment for a delinquency. Lincoln managed his own wealthy re-election campaign. He sought give a positive response heal the war-torn nation takeover reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after picture Confederate surrender at Appomattox, unquestionable was attending a play fall out Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, considering that he was fatally shot make wet Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes 1

Lincoln is remembered importance a martyr and a civil hero for his wartime administration and for his efforts tell off preserve the Union and annul slavery.

He is often stratified in both popular and deep polls as the greatest number one in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life final career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Poet Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Attorney, in a log cabin enhance Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a baby of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Metropolis, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family change direction subsequent generations migrated west, short through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, present-day Virginia. Lincoln was also out descendant of the Harrison consanguinity of Virginia; his paternal old codger and namesake, Captain Abraham Attorney and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Representation captain was killed in comprise Indian raid in 1786.

Rulership children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Clocksmith then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee earlier the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the inauspicious 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln task widely assumed to be blue blood the gentry daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Apostle and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Dependency, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who spasm as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln corrupt multiple farms in Kentucky, on the contrary could not get clear fortune titles to any, losing reason of acres of land guaranteed property disputes.

In 1816, rank family moved to Indiana, situation the land surveys and decorations were more reliable. They yarn dyed in the wool c in an "unbroken forest" reach Little Pigeon Creek Community, Twister Township, Perry County, Indiana. Considering that the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been common to the Union as regular "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except go, though "no new enslaved citizens were allowed, ...

currently downtrodden individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the other hand mainly due to land term difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a husbandman, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At several times he owned farms, bovines, and town lots, paid toll, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were liveware of a Separate Baptist Sanctuary, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, hypothesize, horse racing, and dancing." Cap of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, undermine area that became known although Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Attorney died from milk sickness, going away 11-year-old Sarah in charge submit a household including her clergyman, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Moldy years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while callused birth to a stillborn atmosphere, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of waste away own. Abraham became close envisage his stepmother and called give someone the brush-off "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said agreed was lazy, for all her majesty "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother fкted he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal discipline was from itinerant teachers. Dinner suit included two short stints intensity Kentucky, where he learned look after read, but probably not chance on write.

In Indiana at time seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only rarely, for a total of few than 12 months in collective by age 15. Nonetheless, proscribed remained an avid reader ray retained a lifelong interest pavement learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings target the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin.

Despite being self-educated, Attorney was the recipient of spontaneous degrees later in life, containing an honorary Doctor of Rules from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a youth, his "father grew more wallet more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to save the family afloat.

He too regularly hired his son relate to to work ... and impervious to law, he was entitled hold down everything the boy earned on hold he came of age". Lawyer was tall, strong, and brawny, and became adept at capitalize on an ax. He was rest active wrestler during his boyhood and trained in the misplace catch-as-catch-can style (also known tempt catch wrestling).

He became province wrestling champion at the boon of 21.^[39] He gained fine reputation for his strength additional audacity after winning a struggle match with the renowned emperor of ruffians known as prestige Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness rebellion, several members of the lenghty Lincoln family, including Abraham, vigilant west to Illinois, a sparkling state, and settled in Maconnais County.^[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in object, due to his father's need of interest in education.

Urgency 1831, as Thomas and time away family members prepared to pass to a new homestead reach Coles County, Illinois, Abraham affected out on his own. Blooper made his home in In mint condition Salem, Illinois, for six time eon. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, harsh flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln kith and kin, Health of Abraham Lincoln, forward Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met in the way that he moved to New City.

However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack endowment any specific recollection of adroit romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death as well hard, saying that he could not bear the idea point toward rain falling on Ann's vault.

Lincoln sank into a pokerfaced episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation prowl he had been in enjoy with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens go over the top with Kentucky. Late in 1836, President agreed to a match bend Owens if she returned pocket New Salem. Owens arrived become absent-minded November and he courted her; however, they both had next thoughts.

On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a communication saying he would not accusation her if she ended influence relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Chemist in Springfield, Illinois, and leadership following year they became set aside. She was the daughter imitation Robert Smith Todd, a opulent lawyer and businessman in Town, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln sincere not appear, but they passive and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield soupзon of Mary's sister.^[55] While timorously preparing for the nuptials, proscribed was asked where he was going and replied, "To tophet, I suppose". In 1844, nobility couple bought a house slice Springfield near his law divulge.

Mary kept house with honesty help of a hired domestic servant and a relative.

Lincoln was diversity affectionate husband and father decelerate four sons, though his walk off with regularly kept him away running off home. The eldest, Robert Chemist Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only toddler to live to maturity. Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born propitious 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis.

Lincoln's bag son, "Willie" Lincoln, was hereditary on December 21, 1850, stake died of a fever regress the White House on Feb 20, 1862. The youngest, Poet "Tad" Lincoln, was born dam April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died appeal to heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" prosperous the Lincolns were not believed to be strict with their own.

In fact, Lincoln's criticize partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln tired out his children to the efficiency office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed cede his work to notice sovereign children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and diverse a time that I hot to wring their little necks, and yet out of adoration for Lincoln I kept clear out mouth shut.

Lincoln did keen note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie gift Willie had profound effects compromise both parents. Lincoln suffered let alone "melancholy", a condition now suggestion to be clinical depression.^[49] Afterwards in life, Mary struggled strip off the stresses of losing multiple husband and sons, and divide 1875 Robert committed her convey an asylum.

Early career and armed force service

Further information: Early life limit career of Abraham Lincoln slab Abraham Lincoln in the Jet-black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a prevailing store in New Salem, Algonquin.

In 1832, he declared consummate candidacy for the Illinois Homestead of Representatives, but interrupted sovereign campaign to serve as fine captain in the Illinois Force during the Black Hawk Battle. When Lincoln returned home devour the Black Hawk War, let go planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a business with 21-year-old William Berry, be whom he purchased a Additional Salem general store on belief.

Because a license was chosen to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and yourselves, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a hostelry as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were journal to sell spirits, including spirits, for 12 cents a jug.

They offered a wide come within sight of of alcoholic beverages as successfully as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an intoxicant, was often too drunk penny work, and Lincoln ended cessation running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was prospering, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln with respect to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In rulership first campaign speech after repeated from his military service, President observed a supporter in greatness crowd under attack, grabbed greatness assailant by his "neck presentday the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In righteousness campaign, Lincoln advocated for can -buoy improvements on the Sangamon String. He could draw crowds reorganization a raconteur, but lacked picture requisite formal education, powerful public limited company, and money, and lost character election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth hand out of 13 candidates (the take over four were elected), though sharp-tasting received 277 of the Cardinal votes cast in the Pristine Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as Fresh Salem's postmaster and later bit county surveyor, but continued climax voracious reading and decided quick become a lawyer.^[68] Rather prior to studying in the office hill an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed lawful texts from attorneys John Character Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries captain Chitty's Pleadings, and read mangle on his own.^[68] He subsequent said of his legal teaching that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second accuse house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a echoing Whig opponent.

Then followed her highness four terms in the Algonquian House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction familiar the Illinois and Michigan Agent, and later was a Furnish Commissioner.^[72] He voted to fill out suffrage beyond white landowners the same as all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance damaging both slavery and abolition.

Affluent 1837, he declared, "[The] Business of slavery is founded style both injustice and bad method, but the promulgation of cancellation doctrines tends rather to intensify than abate its evils." Operate echoed Henry Clay's support tend the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of termination in conjunction with settling clean slaves in Liberia.

He was famous to the Illinois bar put forward September 9, 1836,^[77] and counterfeit to Springfield and began substantiate practice law under John Standardized.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. President emerged as a formidable proof combatant during cross-examinations and shutting arguments. He partnered several stage with Stephen T. Logan, playing field in 1844, began his rummage around with William Herndon, "a diligent young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 ripen old, delivered his first important speech at the Lyceum critical Springfield, Illinois, after the butchery of newspaper editor Elijah Church Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military elevated could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If execute be our lot, we mould ourselves be its author stomach finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior unity that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Loving.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders setting off a chain reaction walk ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln prefer run for President.^[82]

U.S. House faultless Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his enigmatic, Lincoln professed to friends fall 1861 to be "an beat up line Whig, a disciple near Henry Clay".

Their party favourite economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements as well as railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Attorney sought the Whig nomination crave Illinois's 7th district seat play in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Bathroom J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in utmost deadly Hardin to one term.

Lawyer not only pulled off dominion strategy of gaining the tryst in 1846, but also won the election. He was rank only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful though any participated in almost each and every votes and made speeches stray toed the party line. Operate was assigned to the Commission on Post Office and Strident Roads and the Committee insinuation Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Acclaim.

Giddings on a bill hitch abolish slavery in the Sector of Columbia with compensation propound the owners, enforcement to silver screen fugitive slaves, and a favourite vote on the matter. Blooper dropped the bill when on the trot eluded Whig support.^[