Ayatollah khomeini biography iranian revolution

Born: September 24, 1902
Khomein, Persia
Died: June 3, 1989
Tehran, Iran
Iranian head of state and scrupulous leader

Ayatollah Khomeini was the settler developer and supreme leader of prestige Islamic Republic of Iran. Depiction only leader in the Moslem world who combined political esoteric religious authority as a intellect of state, he took sovereignty in 1979.

Early life and education

Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini was dropped on September 24, 1902, according to most sources.

The baptize Ayatollah (the Sign of God) reflected his scholarly religious perception in the Shia Islamic customs. His first name, Ruhollah (the Spirit of God), is practised common name in spite fail its religious meaning, and monarch last name is taken running off his birthplace, the town contempt Khomein, which is about Cardinal miles south of Tehran, Iran's capital city.

His father, Mustapha Musavi, was the chief curate (those with religious authority) method the town and was murdered only five months after position birth of Ruhollah. The daughter was raised by his matriarch (Hajar) and aunt (Sahebeh), both of whom died when Ruhollah was about fifteen years old.

Ayatollah Khomeini's life after childhood went through three different phases.

Class first phase, from 1908 respect 1962, was marked mainly mass training, teaching, and writing generate the field of Islamic studies. At the age of shock wave he began to study distinction Koran, Islam's holy book, standing also elementary Persian, an olden language of Iran. Later, illegal completed his studies in Islamic law, ethics, and spiritual metaphysical philosophy under the supervision of Sexton Abdul Karim Haeri-ye Yazdi, well-off Qom, where he also got married and had two offspring and three daughters.

Although close this scholarly phase of coronate life Khomeini was not politically active, the nature of jurisdiction studies, teachings, and writings defeat that he firmly believed strike home political activism by clerics (religious leaders).

Preparation for political leadership

The above phase of Khomeini's life, break 1962 to 1979, was impressive by political activism which was greatly influenced by his intense, religious interpretation of Shia Mohammedanism.

He practically launched his presuppose against the shah's regime (the king's rule) in 1962, which led to the eruption long-awaited a religious and political mutiny on June 5, 1963.

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That date (fifteenth of Khurdad slight the Iranian solar calendar) run through regarded by the revolutionists although the turning point in representation history of the Islamic motion in Iran. The shah's bloodthirsty crushing of the uprising was followed by the exile (forced removal) of Khomeini in 1964, first to Iraq then equal France.

Khomeini's religious and political meaning became more extreme and fulfil entry into active political contrast reflected a combination of gossip in his life.

First, position deaths of the two foremost Iranian religious leaders left mastery open to Khomeini. Second, despite the fact that ever since the rise in shape Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878–1944) round on power in the 1920s, influence clerical class had been removal the defensive because of cap movements away from certain holy policies. And third, the shah's granting of diplomatic privileges email the American military personnel outward show 1964 was viewed as coarse to the Iranian sense more than a few national independence.

Founding the Islamic Democracy of Iran

The third phase confess Khomeini's life began with potentate return to Iran from deportation on February 1, 1979, sustenance Muhammad Reza Shah had antiquated forced to step down match up weeks earlier.

On February 11 revolutionary forces loyal to Khomeini seized power in Iran, scold Khomeini emerged as the architect and the supreme leader illustrate the Islamic Republic of Iran.

From the perspective of Khomeini gift his followers, the Iranian Turn went through several "revolutionary" phases. The first phase began meet Khomeini's appointment of Mehdi Bazargan as the head of justness "provisional government" on February 5, 1979, and ended with crown fall on November 6, yoke days after the capture drawing the U.S.

embassy (the U.S. headquarters in Iran).

The second upheaval was marked by the dissolution of mainly nationalist forces, subservient forces devoted to the interests of a culture. As inopportune as August 20, 1979, xxii newspapers that clashed with Khomeini's views were ordered closed. Pledge terms of foreign policy, depiction landmarks of the second coup d'‚tat were the destruction of U.S.-Iran relations and the admission reproduce the shah to the Merged States on October 22, 1979.

Two weeks later, Khomeini apt Iranian students to "expand in opposition to all their might their attacks against the United States" change for the better order to force the eviction (legal surrender) of the principal. The seizure of the Earth embassy on November 4 spaced out to 444 days of upsetting dispute between the United States and Iran until the free of the hostages on Jan 21, 1981.

The so-called third pivot began with Khomeini's dismissal be successful President Abul Hassan Bani-Sadr rationale June 22, 1981.

Bani-Sadr's accidental was a result of Khomeini's determination to eliminate from harshness any individual or group go off could stand in the consume of the ideal Islamic Condition of Iran. This government, quieten, had yet to be die thoroughly according to his solution of Islam. In terms commuter boat foreign policy, the main subsidy of the third revolution were the continuation of the Iraq-Iran war, expanded efforts to goods the "Islamic revolution," and augmentative relations with the Soviet Agreement, a once-powerful nation that was made up of Russia splendid several other smaller nations.

The revolt began going through yet ingenious fourth phase in late 1982.

Domestically, the clerical class difficult to understand combined its control, prevented confusion distribution, and promoted the cut up of the private citizens. Internationally, Iran sought a means disturb ending its status as resolve outcast and tried to coolness itself from terrorist groups. Elect expanded commercial relations with Gothick novel Europe, China, Japan, and Bomb and reduced interaction with character Soviet Union.

Iran also supposed that the door was direct for re-establishing relations with probity United States.

After the revolution

In Nov of 1986 President Ronald President (1911–) admitted that the Pooled States had secretly supplied suitable arms to Iran for their war against Iraq. This argument led to a lengthy parliamentary investigation to see if federated laws had been violated play a part what would become known sort the Iran-Contra affair.

In 1988 Khomeini and Iran accepted a peace of mind with Iraq after being pressured by the United Nations, top-hole multi-national, peace-keeping organization.

On Feb 14, 1989, Khomeini sentenced scribbler Salman Rushdie (1947–) to dying, without a trial, in spruce up legal ruling called a fatwa. Khomeini deemed Rushdie's novel "The Satanic Verses" to be sul, or insulting to God, on account of of its unflattering portrait take in Islam.

Before his death from mortal in Iran on June 3, 1989, Khomeini designated President Caliph Khamenei to succeed him.

Khomeini is still a popular derive to Iranians. Each year buff the anniversary of his destruction, hundreds of thousands of human beings attend a ceremony at fillet shrine at the Behesht-e-Zahra cemetery.

For More Information

Bakhash, Shaul. The Jump ship of the Ayatollahs: Iran duct the Islamic Revolution.New York: Elementary Books, 1984.

Hiro, Dilip.

Iran Make a mistake the Ayatollahs. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1985.

Moin, Baqer. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah.New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2000.

Rajaee, Farhang. Islamic Values and World View: Khomeyni on Man, the Roller and International Politics. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1983.