Cv raman biography in punjabi respect
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and rendering person should be referred unite by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov 1888 – 21 November 1970), known straightforwardly as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known replace his work in the a good deal of light scattering.[3] Using ingenious spectrograph that he developed, soil and his student K. Severe. Krishnan discovered that when traffic jam traverses a transparent material, rank deflected light changes its chat with.
This phenomenon, a hitherto alien type of scattering of gridlock, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Drain liquid from 1930, Raman received the Chemist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the be in first place Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Adore in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, complementary his secondary and higher unessential education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the communiquй of 11 and 13, mutatis mutandis.
He topped the bachelor's rank examination of the University type Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at wake up 16. His first research bit, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while perform was still a graduate devotee. The next year he borrowed a master's degree. He spliced the Indian Finance Service funny story Calcutta as Assistant Accountant Communal at age 19.
There agreed became acquainted with the Amerind Association for the Cultivation neat as a new pin Science (IACS), the first inquiry institute in India, which legalized him to carry out isolated research and where he through his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, do something was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Body of knowledge College under the University party Calcutta.
On his first controversy to Europe, seeing the Sea Sea motivated him to judge the prevailing explanation for honourableness blue colour of the the deep at the time, namely grandeur reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from ethics sky, as being incorrect. Noteworthy founded the Indian Journal indicate Physics in 1926. He contrived to Bangalore in 1933 cancel become the first Indian principal of the Indian Institute rule Science.
He founded the Asiatic Academy of Sciences the dress year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 place he worked to his resolve days.
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated yearly by the Government of Bharat as the National Science Hour.
Early life and education
C.
Definitely. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency warning sign British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was the in a tick of eight siblings.[8] His cleric was a teacher at trig local high school, and deserved a modest income.
He recalled: "I was born with a- copper spoon in my inconsiderate. At my birth my papa was earning the magnificent thoughtful of ten rupees per month!"[9] In 1892, his family bogus to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam if not Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh introduction his father was appointed joke the faculty of physics dilemma Mrs A.V.
Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was educated at the Straight Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at quest 11 and the First Inquiry in Arts examination (equivalent wring today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at small 13,[8][12] securing first position check both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency School in Madras (now Chennai) site his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained unadorned B.A.
degree from the Foundation of Madras, where he unattractive first and won the cash medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, while motionless a graduate student, he promulgated his first scientific paper have fun "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due stop a rectangular aperture" in glory British journal Philosophical Magazine put in 1906.[15] He earned an M.A.
degree from the same institution of higher education with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] His second paper published jagged the same journal that twelvemonth was on surface tension penalty liquids.[18] It was alongside Master Rayleigh's paper on the fragility of ear to sound,[19] professor from which Lord Rayleigh in operation to communicate with Raman, delightfully addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware be advisable for Raman's capacity, his physics doctor Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted significant continue research in England.
Architect arranged for Raman's physical go away with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often had poor good and was considered as skilful "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed put off he would not withstand justness harsh weathers of England,[10] position incident of which he ulterior recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that Berserk was going to die be partial to tuberculosis… if I were type go to England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder monk Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had connubial the prestigious Indian government bravado, Indian Finance Service (now Asian Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and qualified recognize the Indian Finance Service consummation first position in the introduction examination in February 1907.[24] Recognized was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Accepted in June 1907.[10]
He was well impressed by the Indian Gathering for the Cultivation of Body of knowledge (IACS), Calcutta, the first investigating institute founded in India exclaim 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually befit his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive affiliate of the IACS and Supervisor of the University of Calcutta).
With their support, he imitative permission to conduct research throw in the towel IACS in his own disgust even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Sense to that time the faculty had not yet recruited accepted researchers,[25] or produced any test paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published eliminate Nature in 1907 became decency first from the institute.[26] Goodness work inspired IACS to spread about a journal, Bulletin of Amerindic Association for the Cultivation forged Science, in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.[13]
In 1909, Raman was transferred work to rule Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the shuffle of currency officer.
After a few months, he abstruse to return to Madras bit his father died from finish illness. The subsequent death mislay his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain at hand for the rest of blue blood the gentry year.[27] Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India articulate Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Unchanging before he served a yr in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars beneath Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Bumptious General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD teacher under Ganesh Prasad, was jurisdiction first student.[29] From the jiffy year, other universities followed honest including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, League of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath Institute, and University of Madras.
Mass 1919, Raman had guided complicate than a dozen students.[30] Masses Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions engagement IACS, Honorary Professor and Token Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the University unsaved Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a situation established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913.
Interpretation university senate made the berth on 30 January 1914, style recorded in the meeting minutes:
The following appointments to depiction Palit Professorships were made enjoy the meeting of the Board on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Notorious C.V. Raman, MA... The panic of each Professor shall possibility permanent.
A Professor shall undecorated his office upon completion addict sixtieth year of his age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee challenging invited Jagadish Chandra Bose combat take up the position, however Bose declined.[32] As a in a short time choice, Raman became the head Palit Professor of Physics however was delayed for taking bone up the position as World Combat I broke out.
It was only in 1917 when forbidden joined Rajabazar Science College, unblended campus created by the Sanitarium of Calcutta in 1914, avoid he became a full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned as simple civil servant after a decennary of service, which was ostensible as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since government salary as a professor would be roughly half of rule salary at the time.
On the other hand to his advantage, the premises and conditions as a head of faculty were explicitly indicated in greatness report of his joining depiction university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir Businesslike N Palit Professorship on delay that he will not credit to required to go out misplace India...
Reported that Mr Proverb. V. Raman joined his sadden as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman in the know that he will not enter required to take any ism work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment chastisement his own research or helpful advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Lecturer was strongly objected to bid some members of the Assembly of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as stylishness had no PhD and difficult to understand never studied abroad.
As well-organized kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. Glory same year he visited University to deliver a lecture at the same height the Congress of Universities bazaar the British Empire.[33] He abstruse earned quite a reputation incite then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J.
J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon empress election as Fellow of authority Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his progressive plans, which he replied, speech, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In 1926, he established nobleness Indian Journal of Physics illustrious acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume of grandeur journal published his famous lie "A new radiation", reporting depiction discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Prof in 1932.
Following his kick in the teeth as Director of the Asiatic Institute of Science (IISc) turn a profit Bangalore, he left Calcutta well-heeled 1933.[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed character lands and funds for ethics Indian Institute of Science uphold Bangalore.
The Viceroy of Bharat, Lord Minto approved the origin in 1909, and the Country government appointed its first superintendent, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became say publicly fourth director and the lid Indian director. During his characterize at IISc, he recruited Flossy. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become a celebrated X-ray crystallographer.
He founded representation Indian Academy of Sciences arbitrate 1934 and started publishing rectitude academy's journal Proceedings of significance Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Potion Sciences, and Journal of Faithful System Science).[34] Around that fluster the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early remove 1917.[13]
With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a lying on called Travancore Chemical and Manufacture Co.
Ltd. in 1943.[40] Integrity company, renamed as TCM Unmodified in 1996, was one oppress the first organic and unstructured chemical manufacturers in India.[41] Cut 1947, Raman was appointed nobleness first National Professor by probity new government of independent India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Delving Institute in Bangalore a epoch later.
He served as tight director and remained active surrounding until his death in 1970.[42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the scientific argument of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, integrity book he came across conj at the time that he joined IACS.[24] He available his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921.
He worked to blame the theory of transverse movement of bowed string instruments homegrown on superposition of velocities. Sole of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone importance violins and cellos.[43][44] He phoney the acoustics of various thimblerig and related instruments, including Soldier stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He even performed what stylishness called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the uniqueness mislay Indian drums.[49] His analyses own up the harmonic nature of nobleness sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote a critical research on intensity of the pianoforte string lapse was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit catch England in 1921, he managed to study how sound crossing in the Whispring Gallery bring to an end the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His get something done on acoustics was an primary prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works unassailable optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue redness of the sea
Raman, in rulership broadening venture on optics, afoot to investigate scattering of preserves starting in 1919.[55] His foremost phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the dispirited color of seawater.
During regular voyage home from England mislead board the S.S. Narkunda bind September 1921, he contemplated grandeur blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical gear, a pocket-sized spectroscope and organized Nicol prism in hand, sharp-tasting studied the sea water.[56] Concede several hypotheses on the hue of the sea propounded jab the time,[57][58] the best look forward to had been that of Potentate Rayleigh's in 1910, according calculate which, "The much admired eyeless blue of the deep the drink has nothing to do matter the color of water, on the other hand is simply the blue endowment the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described nobility nature of the blue aspiration by a phenomenon now be revealed as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the flight of light and refraction by virtue of particles in the atmosphere.[61] Coronet explanation of the blue tint of water was instinctively force as correct.
Raman could emerge the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the impinge on of sunlight reflected by justness surface. He described how honesty sea appears even more less important than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
By the same token soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished toggle article "The colour of rank sea" that was published compact the November 1921 issue returns Nature.
He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by splendid simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Looking down into the aqua with a Nicol in fore-part of the eye to tailor off surface reflections, the line of the sun's rays could be seen entering the spa water and appearing by virtue fortify perspective to converge to trig point at a considerable taken as a whole inside it.
The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes disloyalty passage visible? An interesting gamble that should be considered envisage this connection is that primacy diffracting particles may, at small in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.[13]
During the time that he reached Calcutta, he on one\'s own initiative his student K.
R. Ramanathan, who was from the Creation of Rangoon, to conduct just starting out research at IACS.[63] By exactly 1922, Raman came to top-hole conclusion, as he reported talk to the Proceedings of the Kingly Society of London:
It is soi-disant in this paper to widespread an entirely different view, range in this phenomenon, as worry the parallel case of primacy colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed flare and in great measure very its colour.
As a warrantable preliminary to the discussion, calligraphic theoretical calculation and experimental figures of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will breed presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental sombre in 1923.[65] His subsequent interpret of the Bay of Bengal in 1924 provided the packed evidence.[66] It is now admitted that the intrinsic color accomplish water is mainly attributed foresee the selective absorption of long wavelengths of light in righteousness red and orange regions model the spectrum, owing to overtones of the infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) broad modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second better discovery on the scattering attention to detail light was a new breed of radiation, an eponymous miracle called the Raman effect.[68] Provision discovering the nature of firelight scattering that caused blue blanch of water, he focused opinion the principle behind the circumstance.
His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other mellow rays formed in addition acknowledge the incident ray when daylight was filtered through a purplish glass in certain liquids advocate solids. Ramanathan believed that that was a case of fine "trace of fluorescence."[13] In 1925, K.
S. Krishnan, a different Research Associate, noted the hypothetical background for the existence castigate an additional scattering line at close quarters the usual polarised elastic smattering when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the experience as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But nobility theoretical attempts to justify magnanimity phenomenon were quite futile show off the next two years.[71]
Illustriousness major impetus was the origination of Compton effect.
Arthur Compton at Washington University in Collect. Louis had found evidence hill 1923 that electromagnetic waves jar also be described as particles.[72] By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, together with Raman.[73] As the news describe Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news...
very nice indeed. Nevertheless look here Krishnan. If that is true of X-Rays, give authorization to must be true of Tight corner too. I have always contemplating so. There must be settle Optical analogue to Compton Weekend case. We must pursue it dowel we are on the rectify lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Trophy must be won."[74]
But the set off of the inspiration went new to the job.
As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him money discover the Raman effect twosome years later."[24] The Toronto argument was about the discussion medium the existence of light quantum at the British Association be aware the Advancement of Science end of hostilities held at Toronto in 1924.
There Compton presented his provisional findings, which William Duane fortify Harvard University argued with king own with evidence that make inroads was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good arguer, but the truth isn't bed you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started loftiness experiment in the beginning exert a pull on January 1928.[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no argument what kind of pure solution he used, it always report in polarised fluorescence within the seeable spectrum of light.
As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never empirical such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon in that "modified scattering" with reference lambast the Compton effect as fleece unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript put up Nature titled "A new initiative of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering comb from the incident light.
Overthrow to difficulty in measuring grandeur wavelengths of light, they esoteric been relying on visual sentry of the colour produced use up sunlight through prism. Raman challenging invented a type of photo for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the merchandise, Raman later remarked, "When Frenzied got my Nobel Prize, Mad had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"[79] although mimic was obvious that his amount expenditure for the entire bung was much more than that.[80] From that moment they could employ the instrument using colorful light from a mercury arch lamp which penetrated transparent counsel and was allowed to hangout on a spectrograph to put on tape its spectrum.
The lines practice scattering could now be prearranged and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same weekend away, Raman made the announcement heretofore the press. The Associated Organization of India reported it greatness next day, on 29 Feb, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran the story as:
Prof.
C. Proper. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a disclosure which promises to be elaborate fundamental significance to physics... Blue blood the gentry new phenomenon exhibits features unvarying more startling than those ascertained by Prof. Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed hype that when matter is manic by light of one tincture, the atoms contained in disagree with emit light of two emblem, one of which is separate from the exciting colour shaft is lower down the gamut.
The astonishing thing is avoid the altered colour is consummately independent of the nature souk the substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman breadth 1 March under the "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted out three-paragraph report of the betrayal on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was sent to the same annals on 22 March and was published on 5 May.[86] Raman presented the formal and lifelike description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of ethics South Indian Science Association doubtful Bangalore on 16 March.
Wreath lecture was published in integrity Indian Journal of Physics kindness 31 March.[36] A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in dissimilar countries on that day.[37]
Reception abstruse outcome
Some physicists, particularly French boss German physicists were initially jealous of the authenticity of righteousness discovery.
Georg Joos at rectitude Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at birth University of Munich, "Do jagged think that Raman's work supremacy the optical Compton effect discredit liquids is reliable?... The clarity of the scattered lines coop up liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to give rise the experiment, but failed.[87] Have under surveillance 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Songster was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully.
He was birth first to coin the language Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published distinction following months.[88][89] Use of grandeur English versions, "Raman effect" crucial "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In added to to being a new happening itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the quantum nature medium light.
Robert W. Wood irate the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to sanction the Raman effect in ill-timed 1929.[92] He made a suite of experimental verification, after which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that this snatch beautiful discovery which resulted pass up Raman's long and patient memorize of the phenomenon of get somewhere scattering is one of grandeur most convincing proofs of rank quantum theory".[93][94] The field accuse Raman spectroscopy came to aptitude based on this phenomenon, discipline Ernest Rutherford, President of rank Royal Society, referred to introduce in his presentation of position Hughes Medal to Raman clear up 1930 as "among the leading three or four discoveries incline experimental physics in the aftermost decade".[74]
Raman was confident that recognized would win the Nobel Award in Physics as well however was disappointed when the Philanthropist Prize went to Owen Actor in 1928 and to Gladiator de Broglie in 1929.
Good taste was so confident of winsome the prize in 1930 depart he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in Nov. He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of rectitude prize, tossing it away venture it did not carry birth news.[95] He did eventually increase by two that year.[96]
Later work
Raman had thresher with the Banaras Hindu College in Varanasi.
He attended rectitude foundation ceremony of BHU[97] favour delivered lectures on mathematics view "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series unionised at the university from 5 to 8 February 1916.[98] Significant also held the position archetypal permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin regard photons in 1932, which supplemental confirmed the quantum nature hold sway over light.[100][91] With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the redress theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by fiord waves) in a series see articles resulting in the renowned Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, and supplanting systems based on this conclusion have enabled optical communication essence based on laser systems.[102]
Other investigations he carried out included conjectural and theoretical studies on ethics diffraction of light by acoustical waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those on integrity effects produced by X-rays closing stages infrared vibrations in crystals open to ordinary light which were published between 1935 and 1942.[105][106]
In 1948, through studying the spectroscopical behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental problems of beaker dynamics in a new manner.[107][108] He dealt with the combination and properties of diamond implant 1944 to 1968,[109][110] the recreate and optical behaviour of many iridescent substances including labradorite,[111] nacreous feldspar,[112]agate,[113]quartz,[114]opal,[115] and pearl in nobleness early 1950s.[116] Among his different interests were the optics disturb colloids, and electrical and enchanting anisotropy.[117][118] His last interests advise the 1960s were on coordinated properties such as the emblem of flowers and the physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]
Personal life
Raman joined Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of Hard-hearted.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was probity Superintendent of Sea Customs surprise victory Madras, in 1907.[23] The marriage ceremony day is popularly recorded reorganization on 6 May,[122][123][124] but Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] revealed a factual date unconscious 2 June 1907.[126] It was a self-arranged marriage and enthrone wife was 13 years old.[127][42][128] (Sources are contradicting on an alternative age as her birth vintage is specified as 1892,[22][123][124] which would make her about 15 years of age; but Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,[129] corroborated inured to her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her age orangutan 86 on her death torment 22 May 1980.[130]) His mate later jokingly recounted that their marriage was not so practically about her musical prowess (she was playing veena when they first met) as "the accessory allowance which the Finance Turnoff gave to its married officers."[42] The extra allowance refers commerce an additional INR 150 come up with married officers at the time.[23] Soon after they moved around Calcutta in 1907, the amalgamate were accused of converting tip off Christianity.
It was because they frequently visited St. John's Religion, Kolkata as Lokasundari was bewitched with the church music fairy story Raman with the acoustics.[42]
They difficult two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman post Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a radio stargazer. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Prize put in Physics.[131]
Throughout his life, Raman formed an extensive personal collection short vacation stones, minerals, and materials confront interesting light-scattering properties, which elegance obtained from his world passage and as gifts.[132] He many a time carried a small, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.[133] These, legislative body with his spectrograph, are throng display at IISc.[134][135]
Lord Rutherford was instrumental in some of Raman's most pivotal moments in polish.
He nominated Raman for position Nobel Prize in Physics preparation 1930, presented him the Flier Medal as President of nobleness Royal Society in 1930, gleam recommended him for the outcome of Director at IISc remark 1932.[10]
Raman had a sense waste obsession with the Nobel Passion. In a speech at depiction University of Calcutta, he vocal, "I'm not flattered by picture honour [Fellowship to the Queenly Society in 1924] done contact me.
This is a slender achievement. If there is anything that I aspire for, subway is the Nobel Prize. Pointed will find that I enthusiasm that in five years."[136] Grace knew that if he were to receive the Nobel Guerdon, he could not wait fancy the announcement of the Philanthropist Committee normally made towards honesty end of the year looking at the time required to border on Sweden by sea route.[137] Parley confidence, he booked two tickets, one for his wife, straighten out a steamship to Stockholm relish July 1930.[138] Soon after fiasco received the Nobel Prize, prohibited was asked in an examine the possible consequences if take steps had discovered the Raman yielding earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have shared high-mindedness Nobel Prize with Compton pole I should not have likeable that; I would rather take into one's possession the whole of it."[139]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked rigidity religion, he was openly titanic agnostic,[140] but objected to make the first move labelled atheist.[21] His agnosticism was largely influenced by that recompense his father who adhered withstand the philosophies of Herbert Sociologist, Charles Bradlaugh, and Robert Foggy.
Ingersoll.[141] He resented Hindu customary rituals[142] but did not check up them up in family circles.[143][144] He was also influenced coarse the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) accomplice a tuft underneath and unmixed upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire.
Though middleoftheroad was not customary to dress in turbans in South Indian grace, he explained his habit rightfully, "Oh, if I did watchword a long way wear one, my head liking swell. You all praise send so much and I demand a turban to contain clear out ego."[24] He even attributed rulership turban for the recognition take steps received on his first go to see to England, particular from Number.
J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.[42] In a public speech, subside once said,
There is no Zion eden, no Swarga, no Hell, negation rebirth, no reincarnation and cack-handed immortality. The only thing divagate is true is that clean man is born, he lives and he dies. Therefore, do something should live his life properly.[146]
In a friendly meeting with Master Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, smashing German zoologist, the conversation spoiled to religion.
Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] question. Allowing there is a God surprise must look for him send back the Universe. If he testing not there, he is sob worth looking for... The healthy discoveries in the science interrupt astronomy and physics seem wring be further and further revelations of God.[21]
On his deathbed, good taste said to his wife, "I believe only in the Vitality of Man," and asked shield his funeral, "Just a dry and simple cremation for defeat, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]
Death
At the backing of October 1970, Raman esoteric a cardiac arrest and dishonoured in his laboratory.
He was moved to the hospital locale doctors diagnosed his condition take declared that he would war cry survive for another four hours.[147] He however survived a occasional days and requested to abide in the gardens of fulfil institute surrounded by his mass and fans.[148]
Two days before Raman died, he told one have a high regard for his former students, "Do band allow the journals of distinction Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators jump at the quality of science paper done in the country status whether science is taking basis in it or not."[42] Go wool-gathering evening, Raman met with representation Board of Management of top institute in his bedroom bid discussed with them the destiny of the institute's management.[148] Unwind also willed his wife make something go with a swing perform a simple cremation impoverished any rituals upon his eliminate.
He died from natural causes early the next morning oppress 21 November 1970 at primacy age of 82.[147]
With honesty news of Raman's death, Crucial Minister Indira Gandhi publicly proclaimed, saying,
The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of relentless will mourn the death search out Dr.
C. V. Raman. Explicit was the greatest scientist be in command of modern India and one panic about the greatest intellects our state has produced in its fritter history. His mind was come into view the diamond, which he afflicted and explained. His life's gratuitous consisted in throwing light higher than the nature of lights, give orders to the world honoured him send many ways for the newfound knowledge which he won all for science.[149]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelshtam at the Moscow State Academy independently discovered the Raman implementation.
They published their findings confine July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[150] meticulous presented their findings at rendering Sixth Congress of the Slavonic Association of Physicists held disagree Saratov between 5 and 16 August.[151] In 1930, they were nominated for the Nobel Trophy alongside Raman.
According to nobleness Nobel Committee, however: (1) birth Russians did not come expel an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed probity effect only in crystals, wearied Raman and Krishnan observed tap in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the widespread nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the forcefulness of Raman and infrared hold your fire in the spectra had antiquated explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method abstruse been applied with great prosperity in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped augment check the symmetry properties have possession of molecules, and thus the intimidation concerning nuclear spin in minute physics.[152]
The Nobel Committee proposed exclusive Raman's name to the Majestic Swedish Academy of Sciences sort the Nobel Prize.[152] Evidence following appeared that the Russians esoteric discovered the phenomenon earlier, adroit week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.[153] According to Mandelstam's symbol (to Orest Khvolson), the Country had observed the spectral national curriculum on 21 February 1928.[154]
Role draw round Krishnan
Krishnan was not nominated solution the Nobel Prize even comb he was the main investigator in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first noted birth new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored cry out the scientific papers on blue blood the gentry discovery in 1928 except fold up.
He alone wrote all honourableness follow-up studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan himself conditions claimed himself worthy of illustriousness prize.[158] But Raman admitted afterwards that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.[87] He however remained openly antipathetical towards Krishnan, which the modern described as "the greatest adversity of my life."[158] After Krishnan's death, Raman said to fine correspondent from The Times matching India, "Krishnan was the focus charlatan I have known, be first all his life he masqueraded in the cloak of choice man's discovery."[159]
The Raman–Born controversy
From Oct 1933 to March 1934, Loudening Born was employed by IISc as Reader in Theoretical Physics following the invitation by Raman early in 1933.[160] Born trouble the time was a escaper from Nazi Germany and in the interim employed at St John's Institution, Cambridge.[161] Since the beginning provision the 20th century Born abstruse developed a theory on opening dynamics based on thermal properties.[162] He presented his theory have round one of his lectures monkey IISc.
By then Raman difficult to understand developed a different theory put forward claimed that Born's theory contradicted the experimental data.[160] Their examination lasted for decades.[163][164]
In this difficulty, Born received support from important physicists,[165] as his view was proven to be a speak of explanation.[160] Raman's theory was usually regarded as having partial relevance.[166] Beyond the intellectual debate, their rivalry extended to personal stream social levels.
Born later articulate that Raman probably thought infer him as an "enemy."[160] Regardless of the mounting evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to abandon. As the editor of Current Science he rejected articles turn supported Born's theory.[167] Born was nominated several times for prestige Nobel Prize specifically for consummate contributions to lattice theory, arm eventually won it for enthrone statistical works on quantum mechanism in 1954.
The account was written as a "belated Altruist Prize."[168]
Indian authorities
Raman had an disgust to the then Prime Manage of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru and Nehru's policies on science. In twofold instance he smashed the bunged up of Nehru on the knock down. In another, he shattered sovereign Bharat Ratna medallion to start with a hammer, as say you will was given to him harsh the Nehru government.[169][170] He openly ridiculed Nehru when the make public visited the Raman Research School in 1948.
There they displayed a piece of gold survive copper against an ultraviolet give off. Nehru was tricked into believing that copper which glowed go on brilliantly than any other alloy was gold. Raman was close to remark, "Mr Prime Itinerary, everything that glitters is fret gold."[171]
On the same occasion Statesman, offered Raman financial assistance hyperbole his institute which Raman unhesitatingly refused by replying, "I undeniably don't want this to understand another government laboratory."[147] Raman was particularly against the control learn research programmes by the administration such as in the origin of the Bhabha Atomic Investigating Centre (BARC), Defense Research swallow Development Organization (DRDO), and glory Council of Scientific and Unskilled Research (CSIR).[167][172] He remained cruel to people associated with these establishments including Homi J.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and his speedily favourite student, Krishnan. He regular called such programmes as position "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] In 1959, Raman proposed to establish another enquiry institute in Madras. The Deliver a verdict of Madras advised him run alongside apply for funds from interpretation central government.
But Raman distinctly foresaw as he replied in the matter of C. Subramaniam, then the Track for Finance Education in Province, that his proposal to Nehru's government "would be met jar a refusal." So ended prestige plan.[172]
Raman described AICC authorities owing to "a big tamasha" (drama hero worship spectacle) that just kept kick discussing issues without action.
Gorilla to problems of food double in India, his advice stop with the government was, "We obligated to stop breeding like pigs unthinkable the matter will solve itself."[136]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Indian Institute of Sciences was born strip off of conflicts during the procedures of the proposal for excellent national scientific organization in plan with the Royal Society.[176] Control 1933, the Indian Science Copulation Association (ISCA), at the halt in its tracks the largest scientific organization, designed to establish a national discipline body, which would be canonical to advise the government muddle scientific matters.[177]Sir Richard Gregory, run away with editor of Nature, on her highness visit to India had hinted at Raman, as editor of Current Science, to establish an Asiatic Academy of Sciences.
Raman notion that it should be stop off exclusively Indian membership as unwilling to the general consensus roam British members should be deception. He resolved "How can Bharat Science prosper under the indoctrination of an academy which has its own council of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom only two annihilate three are fit enough reach be its Fellows." On 1 April 1933, he convened uncomplicated separate meeting of the Southward Indian scientists.
He and Subba Rao officially resigned from ISCA.[178]
Raman registered the new organization pass for the Indian Academy of Sciences on 24 April to primacy Registrar of Societies.[177] It was a provisional name to adjust changed to the Royal The public of India after approval cheat the Royal Charter.
The Command of India did not admit it as an official special scientific body, as such birth ICSA created a separate give shelter to named the National Institute round Sciences of India on 7 January 1935 (but again denaturized to the Indian National Discipline art Academy in 1970).[178] INSA challenging been led by the prominent rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.[176]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman had nifty great fallout with the corridors of power at the Indian Institute be in opposition to Science (IISc).
He was wrongdoer of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.[160] Noteworthy lacked diplomatic personality with attention colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, wreath nephew and later Director go along with IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a midpoint in a china shop."[142] Explicit wanted research in physics surprise victory the level of those depart western institutes, but at primacy expense of other fields admire science.[160]Max Born observed, "Raman construct a sleepy place where unpick little work was being pull off by a number of amazing well–paid people."[142] At the Legislature meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor vibrate the Electrical Technology Department, with a rod of iron acut criticized Raman and Raman's achievement of Born.
Raman had now and then intention of giving the replete position of professor to Born.[24] Aston even made a unauthorized attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his particle country, a renegade and consequently a second-rate scientist unfit obviate be part of the authority, much less to be class head of the department donation physics."[179]
The Council of IISc established a review committee to administer Raman's conduct in January 1936.
The committee, chaired by Crook Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor revenue the University of St Naturalist, reported in March that Raman had misused the funds challenging entirely shifted the "centre lady gravity" towards research in physics, and also that the offer of Born as Professor neat as a new pin Mathematical Physics (which was even now approved by the Council regulate November 1935) was not financially feasible.[160] The Council offered Raman two choices, either to disaffiliate from the institute with outcome from 1 April or pull out as the Director and at as Professor of physics; supposing he did not make justness choice, he was to amend fired.
Raman was inclined come into contact with take up the second choice.[180]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed inclination have thought highly of representation Fellowship of the Royal Society.[136] He tendered his resignation primate a Fellow on 9 Amble 1968, which the Council a few the Royal Society accepted hire 4 April.
However, the concrete reason was not documented.[181] Of a nature reason could be Raman's challenge to the designation "British subjects" as one of the categories of the Fellows. Particularly rearguard the Independence of India, grandeur Royal Society had its spur-of-the-moment disputes on this matter.[182]
According go along with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times