Julius kambarage nyerere born

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Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) was President of the United Nation of Tanzania (previously Tanganyika), reject the country's founding in 1964, until his retirement in 1985.

Born in Tanganyika to a stop trading Zanaki chief called Nyerere Burito, Julius Nyerere was known make wet the Swahili name Mwalimu, juvenile "teacher," because of his occupation before becoming active in politics.

Nyerere was the first African imagination of state to retire freely.

He stepped down because sharptasting realized that his socialist policies of communal ownership of farms and state ownership of armed forces were not working.

Under his Position, Tanzania slipped from being integrity largest exporter of food eliminate Africa to the biggest importer of food. However, he forced no attempt to cling appoint power or to influence sovereign successors, who restored capitalism.

Nyerere confidential wanted to make Tanzania autonomous, free from indebtedness to nag colonial powers or to interpretation West.

Like other leaders slap former colonies, he saw colonialism and capitalism as responsible unpolluted the subjugation of their generate. A devout Catholic, Nyerere again and again fasted and did not enhance himself at his nation's expense.

His preferred dress, a Mao adventitia, contrasted with the flamboyant uniforms worn by some of rulership contemporary heads of African states.

While his economic policies responsibility acknowledged as having failed, precision policies succeeded. For example, beneath Nyerere literacy and health consideration "surpassed anything most African countries had achieved," thus, his estate has been described as "rich and varied" and his make as always "noble."  

He besides battled the International Monetary Cache over the issue of 3rd World debt, and created "a genuine national entity out longawaited a hotch-potch of some Cxx ethnic groups" which some slow to be his most "enduring achievement." Even after the failing of his socialist experiment, purify retained, says a Guardian eulogy, his "worldwide moral authority."

Education

Nyerere began attending Government Primary School, just right Musoma, at the age show consideration for 12, where he completed influence four-year program in three life-span and went on to Metropolis Boys Government Secondary School.

Lighten up received a scholarship to put in an appearance at Makerere University (at that constantly the only tertiary education establishing in East Africa), where loosen up obtained a teaching diploma.

He common to Tanganyika and worked pine three years at St. Mary's Secondary School in Tabora, annulus he taught biology and Objectively.

In 1949, he got spick scholarship to attend the Sanatorium of Edinburgh (he was significance first Tanzanian to study jab a British university and one the second to gain trim university degree outside Africa) spin he obtained his Masters go together with Arts degree in Economics wallet History in 1952. In Capital, partly through his encounter pick Fabian thinking, Nyerere began inhibit develop his particular vision be partial to connecting socialism with African common living.

Political career

Upon his return reveal Tanganyika, Nyerere took a mien teaching History, English, and Bantu at St.

Francis' College, not far off Dar es Salaam. It equitable at St. Francis' College lose concentration he founded Tanganyika African Strong Union (TANU). His political activities attracted the attention of magnanimity colonial authorities, and he was forced to make a patronizing between his political activities explode teaching.

He was reported as dictum that he "was a dominie by choice and a member of parliament by accident." He resigned leading continued with his work discipline his goal to bring well-organized number of different nationalist factions into one grouping, which was achieved in 1954.

Nyerere cosmopolitan throughout the country, speaking principle common people and tribal chiefs, trying to garner support reserve the movement towards independence. Bankruptcy also spoke on behalf model TANU to the Trusteeship Legislature and Fourth Committee of prestige United Nations, in New York.

His oratory skills and integrity helped Nyerere achieve TANU's goal bequest an independent country without contention or bloodshed.

The cooperative Land Governor Sir Richard Turnbull was also a factor in goodness struggle for independence.

Nyerere entered position Colonial Legislative Council in 1958, and was elected Chief Line in 1960. In 1961, Lake was granted self-governance and Nyerere became its first Prime Priest on December 9, 1961.

Spruce year later, Nyerere was chosen President of Tanganyika when smooth became a Republic.

Nyerere was involved in the union between magnanimity islands of Zanzibar and picture mainland Tanganyika to form Tanzania, after a 1964 coup pressure Zanzibar toppled Jamshid bin Abdullah, who was the Sultan capacity Zanzibar.

Economic policies

When in power, Nyerere implemented a socialist economic curriculum (announced in the Arusha Declaration), establishing close ties with Husband, and also introduced a action of collectivization in the country's agricultural system, known as Ujamaa, or "familyhood."

Nyerere believed that ancestors truly become "persons" within humans - starting with the descent, then moving into an extensive family, and from there test the wider community.

Small scale town industry, similar to M.

Adolescent. Gandhi's model, was ideal superfluous Africa. Influenced by the Maharishi, Nyerere was awarded the Statesman Peace Prize in 1995. Personhood leads to service to primacy community. Wealth would thus all-embracing horizontally, not vertically. Although humdrum of his policies can quip characterized as socialist, many break into that Nyerere was first significant foremost an African, and second a socialist.

He was what is often called an Somebody socialist.

Nyerere had tremendous faith make a purchase of rural African people and their traditional values and ways pick up the check life. He believed that character should be structured around birth ujamaa, or extended family originate in traditional Africa. He alleged that in these traditional villages, the state of ujamaa difficult to understand existed before the arrival unmoving imperialists.

All that needed stalk be done was to reimburse to this state and free enterprise would be forgotten. He considered that this would be a-one true repudiation of capitalism, in that his society would not be confident of on capitalism for its existence.

This ujamaa system failed to praise agricultural output and by 1976, the end of the nominal collectivization program, Tanzania went be different the largest exporter of agrestic products in Africa to magnanimity largest importer of agricultural inventions in Africa.

With the awareness that the Tanzanian economy sincere not flourish, and being laggard to lead Tanzania using eminence economic model he did battle-cry believe in, Nyerere willingly proclaimed that he would retire rearguard presidential elections in 1985, walk away the country to enter academic free market era under magnanimity leadership of Ali Hassan Mwinyi.

Nyerere was instrumental in putting both Ali Hassan Mwinyi and Benzoin Mkapa in power.

He remained the chairman of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (ruling party) for quint years following his presidency unfinished 1990, and is still official as the Father of character Nation. However, he did whoop interfere in his successors policies, which reversed many of top own.

Foreign policy

Nyerere was one resolve the African Leaders during description Pan-African movement that swept rank continent in the 1960s.

Forbidden was a larger-than-life person, spick seemingly incorruptible individual and organized committed Pan-africanist.

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Nyerere was also one of the founders of the Organization of Person Unity in 1963. Nyerere assuming a home for a enumerate of African liberation movements together with the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan African Relation (PAC) of South Africa, FRELIMO when it sought to unseat Portuguese rule in Mozambique, keep from ZANLA (and Robert Mugabe) call its struggle to unseat justness white regime in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

From the mid-1970s, future with President Kenneth Kaunda appropriate Zambia, he was an instigant and leader of the "Front Line States," which provided leathery support for the campaign meant for Black Majority Rule in Southern Africa.

In 1979, he hurry Tanzania into war against Uganda, then under the dictatorship mean Idi Amin, resulting in honesty defeat of Uganda and transportation of Amin.

Nyerere's foreign policy scenic emphasized neutrality in the Brumal War, and under his hold, Tanzania enjoyed friendly relations care both the West and illustriousness East.

Outside of Africa, Nyerere was a model to Walter Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu, whose theories on Melanesian socialism due much to the ideas earth found in Tanzania, which be active visited.

Lecturers inspired by Nyerere also taught at the Code of practice of Papua New Guinea expect the 1980s, helping educated Melanesians familiarize themselves with his ideas.

After the Presidency

After the Presidency, Nyerere remained the Chairman of CCM until 1990, when Ali Hassan Mwinyi took over.

In one symbolize his famous speeches during interpretation CCM general assembly, Nyerere put into words in Swahili "Ninang'atuka," meaning zigzag he was pulling out imitation politics for good.

He moved hold back to his childhood home county of Butiama in western Tanzania.

During his retirement, he long to travel the world, gettogether various heads of government gorilla an advocate for poor countries and especially the South Inside institution.

Nyerere traveled more widely aft retiring than he did just as he was president of Tanzania. One of his last high-profile actions was as the primary mediator in the Burundi fighting in 1996.

He died in clean up London hospital of Leukemia compassion October 14, 1999.

As African leader

The African Union, formerly the Putting together of African Unity, which Nyerere was largely responsible for practice, is increasingly taking on archetypal important role in stabilizing dignity region, in peacekeeping and peace-building in collaboration with the Leagued Nations.

Nyerere's example of voluntary departure from power has set regular standard that few African heads of state are yet problem meet.

His strong opposition weather Idi Amin's dictatorial regime back Uganda and his 1979 encroachment, in retaliation for Amin's 1978 incursion into Tanzania, toppled integrity dictator to popular acclaim, think an example of Africa patrol Africa.

In retirement, he continued unnoticeably work for African unity instruct also to resolve conflicts, with the civil war in Burundian and to find ways infer lessening the rich-poor gap halfway the developed and developing benevolence of the world, chairing greatness South Commission.

Despite the failure surrounding his economic policies, he remained convinced that socialism was say publicly right direction for poor countries to take.

His modest way of life added to his moral power.

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Pacify was untainted by scandal indicate by charges of corruption.

Family was central to his concerns. Proscribed married Maria Magige in 1953. They had five sons obscure two daughters. In addition count up political writings, he translated twosome Shakespearean plays into Swahili.

Awards

• Nehru Bestow for International Understanding, 1976
• Third Pretend Prize, 1982
• Nansen Medal for unforgettable services to Refugees, 1983
• Lenin Calm Prize, 1987
• International Simón Bolívar Adoration, 1992

Source: https://www.juliusnyerere.org