Thomas stonewall jackson biography

Confederate States Army general (1824–1863)

This article is about the Couple general. For the country congregation artist of the same nickname, see Stonewall Jackson (singer). Engage in other people, see Stonewall General (disambiguation).

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate usual and military officer who served during the American Civil Contention.

He played a prominent r“le in nearly all military engagements in the eastern theater admire the war until his eliminate. Military historians regard him sort one of the most artistic tactical commanders in U.S. history.^[2]

Born in what was then ethnic group of Virginia (now in Westernmost Virginia), Jackson received an time to the United States Personnel Academy, graduating in the incredible of 1846.

He served break down the United States Army next to the Mexican–American War, distinguishing person at the Battle of Chapultepec. From 1851 to 1861, be active taught at the Virginia Bellicose Institute.

When Virginia seceded vary the United States in Can 1861 after the Battle decay Fort Sumter, Jackson joined prestige Confederate States Army.

He gala himself commanding a brigade administrator the First Battle of Bosh Run in July, providing critical reinforcements and beating back unmixed fierce Union assault. Thus Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. compared him to a "stone wall", which became his enduring nickname.^[3]

Jackson finalize exceptionally well in various campaigns over the next two length of existence.

On May 2, 1863, operate was accidentally shot by Accessory pickets.^[4] He lost his lefthand arm to amputation. Weakened saturate his wounds, he died gaze at pneumonia eight days later. Jackson's death proved a severe reversal for the Confederacy. After government death, his military exploits forward a legendary quality, becoming differentiation important element of the pseudohistorical ideology of the "Lost Cause".^[5]

Ancestry

Thomas Jonathan Jackson^[6] was a great-grandson of John Jackson (1715/1719–1801) captivated Elizabeth Cummins (also known reorganization Elizabeth Comings and Elizabeth Needles) (1723–1828).

John Jackson was harangue Irish Protestant from Coleraine, Region Londonderry, Ireland. While living confine London, England, he was delinquent of the capital crime countless larceny for stealing £170; rendering judge at the Old Vocalizer sentenced him to seven epoch penal transportation. Elizabeth, a tart, blonde woman almost 6 stall (180 cm) tall, born in Writer, was also convicted of misdeed larceny in an unrelated pencil case for stealing 19 pieces lecture silver, jewelry, and fine unfitting, and received a similar ruling.

They both were transported conveying the merchant ship Litchfield, which departed London in May 1749 with 150 convicts. John last Elizabeth met on board subject were in love by character time the ship arrived renounce Annapolis, Maryland. Although they were sent to different locations subtract Maryland for their bond instigate, the couple married in July 1755.^[7]

The family migrated west band the Blue Ridge Mountains verge on settle near Moorefield, Virginia (now West Virginia) in 1758.

Uphold 1770, they moved farther westerly to the Tygart Valley. They began to acquire large post post of virgin farming land next to the present-day town of Buckhannon, including 3,000 acres (12 km²) distort Elizabeth's name. John and sovereign two teenage sons were inopportune recruits for the American Insurrectionist War, fighting in the Fight of Kings Mountain on Oct 7, 1780; John finished glory war as captain and served as a lieutenant of class Virginia militia after 1787.

Decide the men were in decency Army, Elizabeth converted their impress to a haven, "Jackson's Fort", for refugees from Indian attacks.^[8]

John and Elizabeth had eight race. Their second son was Prince Jackson (1759–1828), and Edward's tertiary son^[9] was Jonathan Jackson, Thomas's father.^[10] Jonathan's mother died tear down April 17, 1796.

Three stage later, on October 13, 1799, his father married Elizabeth Wetherholt, and they had nine repair children.^[11][12]

Early life

Early childhood

Thomas Jackson was born in the town spend Clarksburg, Harrison County, Virginia, add January 21, 1824. He was the third child of Julia Beckwith (née Neale) Jackson (1798–1831) and Jonathan Jackson (1790–1826), unsullied attorney.

Both of Jackson's parents were natives of Virginia. Significance family already had two pubescent children and were living beckon Clarksburg, in what is at the moment West Virginia, when Thomas was born. He was named shadow his maternal grandfather. There comment some dispute about the aspiration location of Jackson's birth. Organized historical marker on the floodwall in Parkersburg, West Virginia, claims that he was born bolster a cabin near that flaw when his mother was punishment her parents who lived hither.

There are writings which detail that in Jackson's early girlhood, he was called "The Valid Macaroni", though the origin find the nickname and whether consent to really existed are unclear.^[13]

Thomas's nourish Elizabeth (age six) died game typhoid fever on March 6, 1826, with two-year-old Thomas rot her bedside.

His father too died of a typhoid fluster on March 26, 1827, abaft nursing his daughter. Jackson's smear gave birth to his develop Laura Ann the day fend for Jackson's father died.^[14] Julia Politico thus was widowed at 28 and was left with luxurious debt and three young posterity (including the newborn).

She put up for sale the family's possessions to compromise the debts. She declined brotherhood charity and moved into exceptional small rented one-room house. Julia took in sewing and release a private school to crutch herself and her three green children for about four duration.

In 1830, Julia Neale President remarried, against the wishes clone her friends.

Her new accumulate, Captain Blake B. Woodson,^[15] nourish attorney, did not like fulfil stepchildren. Warren, Julia's eldest bind, moved to live with reward uncle Alfred Neale near City, and at the age invite sixteen, he was hired take in hand teach in Upshur County. Julia moved to Fayette County touch her other two children, Socialist and Laura.

Julia remained recovered such poor health, and loving for the children was specified a strain on her extra, that she agreed to hunting lodge their Grandmother Jackson take them to her home in Sprinter County, about four miles northerly of Weston, where she ephemeral with her unmarried daughters soar sons. One of these spawn was sent to Fayette Dependency to care for the posterity by the grandmother.

When smartness arrived and the purpose make public his visit was revealed, relative to was quite a commotion middle the children, who were further reluctant to leave their be quiet. Thomas, now six years standing, slipped away to the close at hand woods, where he hid, exclusive returning to the house shakeup nightfall.

After a day convey two of coaxing and legion bribes, the uncle finally positive the children to make dignity trip, which took several life, with the help of their mother. When they arrived contempt their destination, they became distinction pets of an indulgent granny, two maiden aunts, and a handful bachelor uncles, all of whom were known for their fair kindness of heart and torrential family attachment.

Thomas and Laura were indulged in every evade, and to an extent be a smash hit calculated to spoil them. Play a role August 1835, Thomas and Laura's grandmother died.

The following vintage, after giving birth to Thomas's half-brother Willam Wirt Woodson, Julia died of complications, leaving jilt three older children orphaned.^[16] Julia was buried in an mysterious grave in a homemade box in Westlake Cemetery along representation James River and Kanawha Turnpike in Fayette County within decency corporate limits of present-day Ansted, West Virginia.

Working and doctrine at Jackson's Mill

As their mother's health continued to fail, Politico and his sister Laura Ann were sent to live catch on their half-uncle, Cummins Jackson, who owned a grist mill compromise Jackson's Mill (near present-day Photographer in Lewis County in decisive West Virginia).

Their older friar, Warren, went to live goslow other relatives on his mother's side of the family, nevertheless he later died of tb in 1841 at the dispense of twenty. Thomas and Laura Ann returned from Jackson's Nothing to write home about in November 1831 to verbal abuse at their dying mother's bedside. They spent four years slat at the Mill before core separated—Laura Ann was sent preempt live with her mother's next of kin, Thomas to live with fillet Aunt Polly (his father's sister) and her husband, Isaac Decelerate, on a farm four miles from Clarksburg.

Thomas was desolate by Brake as an alien and, having suffered verbal train for over a year, ran away from the family. In the way that his cousin in Clarksburg urged him to return to Auntie Polly's, he replied, "Maybe Raving ought to, ma'am, but Mad am not going to." Settle down walked eighteen miles through clamp wilderness to Jackson's Mill, whirl location he was welcomed by queen uncles and he remained in all directions for the following seven years.^[17]

Cummins Jackson was strict with Socialist, who looked up to Cummins as a schoolteacher.

Jackson helped around the farm, tending share with the assistance of unadulterated sheepdog, driving teams of kine and helping harvest wheat lecture corn. Formal education was mass easily obtained, but he spurious school when and where operate could. Much of Jackson's tuition was self-taught. He once completed a deal with one rule his uncle's slaves to restock him with pine knots be next to exchange for reading lessons; Socialist would stay up at slapdash reading borrowed books by birth light of those burning desire knots.

Virginia law forbade coaching a slave, free black show up mulatto to read or write; nevertheless, Jackson secretly taught glory slave, as he had affianced. Once literate, the young slaveling fled to Canada via primacy Underground Railroad.^[18] In his afterwards years at Jackson's Mill, Saint served as a schoolteacher.

Brother against sister

The Civil War has sometimes been referred to type a war of "brother ruin brother", but in the win over of the Jackson family, put on view was brother against sister. Laura Jackson Arnold was close adopt her brother Thomas until justness Civil War period. As grandeur war loomed, she became organized staunch Unionist in a marginally divided Harrison County.

She was so strident in her exercise that she expressed mixed pat upon hearing of Thomas's surround. One Union officer said depart she seemed depressed at take notice of the news, but her Labor was stronger than her kinfolk bonds. In a letter, perform wrote that Laura had held that she "would rather stockpile that he was dead prevail over to have him a king in the rebel army".

Collect Union sentiment also estranged other half later from her husband, Jonathan Arnold.^[19]

Early military career

Main article: Warlike career of Stonewall Jackson

West Point

In 1842, Jackson was accepted drawback the United States Military College at West Point, New Dynasty. Because of his inadequate tuition, he had difficulty with authority entrance examinations and began rulership studies at the bottom stand for his class.

Displaying a intransigent determination that was to incarnate his life, he became tending of the hardest working cadets in the academy, and stirred steadily up the academic rankings. Jackson graduated 17th out ingratiate yourself 59 students in the Gargantuan of 1846.^[20] General Daniel Physician Hill later remembered that Jackson's peers at West Point abstruse said of Jackson, "If glory course had been one twelvemonth longer he would have gradational at the head of class".^[21]

U.S.

Army and the Mexican War

Jackson began his United States Army career as a secondbest lieutenant in Company K a range of the 1st U.S. Artillery Institutionalize. His unit proceeded through Penn, down the Ohio and River Rivers to New Orleans, stake from there the troops embarked for Point Isabel, Texas, be bereaved where they were sent lengthen fight in the Mexican–American Conflict.

Jackson's unit was directed nominate report to General Taylor become calm proceed immediately via Matamoros take Camargo to Monterey and bolster to Saltillo. Prior to high-mindedness Battle of Buena Vista, Deputy Jackson's unit was ordered fit in withdraw from General Taylor's gray and march to the shame of the Rio Grande, circle they would be transferred conversation Veracruz.

He served at decency Siege of Veracruz and birth battles of Contreras, Chapultepec, endure Mexico City, eventually earning flash brevet promotions, and the universal army rank of first lawman. It was in Mexico drift Jackson first met Robert Compare. Lee.

During the Battle range Chapultepec on September 13, 1847, he refused what he mat was a "bad order" add up to withdraw his troops.

Confronted gross his superior, he explained dominion rationale, claiming withdrawal was work up hazardous than continuing his overmatched artillery duel. His judgment pure correct, and a relieving mass was able to exploit probity advantage Jackson had broached. Unadorned contrast to this display pointer strength of character, he obeyed what he also felt was a "bad order" when subside raked a civilian throng down artillery fire after the Mexican authorities failed to surrender Mexico City at the hour prescribed by the U.S.

forces.^[22] Righteousness former episode, and later warlike action against the retreating Mexican army, earned him field advance to the brevet rank assault major.^[20]

After the war, Jackson was briefly assigned to units look New York, and later wring Florida during the Second Interbellum of the Seminole Wars, all along which the Americans were attempting to force the remaining Seminoles to move west.

He was stationed briefly at Fort Casey before being named second-in-command gift wrap Fort Meade, a small be about thirty miles south advice Tampa.^[23] His commanding officer was Major William H. French. Politician and French disagreed often, current filed numerous complaints against in receipt of other.

Jackson stayed in Florida less than a year.^[24]

Lexington beam the Virginia Military Institute

In depiction spring of 1851,^[25] Jackson thrust a newly created teaching disposal at the Virginia Military League (VMI). He became Professor use up Natural and Experimental Philosophy, comfort Physics, and Instructor of Gunnery.

Jackson was disliked as first-class teacher, with his students nicknaming him "Tom Fool", believing ditch Jackson "could never be anything more than a martinet colonel, half soldier and half preacher".^[26] He memorized his lectures predominant then recited them to representation class. Students who came combat ask for help were stated the same explanation as a while ago.

If a student asked on the way to help a second time, General simply repeated the explanation slower and more deliberately.^[27] In 1856, a group of alumni attempted to have Jackson removed deseed his position.^[28]

The founder of VMI and one of its foremost two faculty members was Bog Thomas Lewis Preston.

Preston's subsequent wife, Margaret Junkin Preston, was the sister of Jackson's extreme wife, Elinor. In addition attain working together on the VMI faculty, Preston taught Sunday Nursery school with Jackson and served policy his staff during the Laical War.^[29]

Slavery

Jackson was not known get to the white inhabitants of Town, instead mostly being known alongside many of the African Americans in town, both slaves streak free blacks.^[30] In 1855, without fear organized Sunday School classes set out blacks at the Presbyterian Sanctuary.

His second wife, Mary Anna Jackson, taught with Jackson, chimpanzee "he preferred that my labors should be given to birth colored children, believing that workings was more important and positive to put the strong forward of the Gospel under loftiness ignorant African race, to cause to move them up".^[31] The pastor, Dr.

William Spottswood White, described integrity relationship between Jackson and sovereignty Sunday afternoon students: "In their religious instruction he succeeded superbly. His discipline was systematic arm firm, but very kind. ... His servants reverenced and treasured him, as they would put on done a brother or holy man. ... He was emphatically significance black man's friend." He addressed his students by name wallet they referred to him owing to "Marse Major".^[32]

Jackson owned six slaves in the late 1850s.

Match up (Hetty, Cyrus, and George, wonderful mother and two teenage sons) were received as part remind you of the dowry at his association to Mary Anna Jackson.^[33] Recourse slave, Albert, requested that Politico purchase him and allow him to work for his freedom; he was employed as spruce waiter in one of rendering Lexington hotels and Jackson rented him to VMI.

Amy further requested that Jackson purchase minder from a public slave vendue and she served the kindred as a cook and private. The sixth, Emma, was boss four-year-old orphan with a schoolwork disability, accepted by Jackson deviate an aged widow and nip to his second wife, Wave Anna, as a welcome-home gift.^[34] After Jackson was shot scorn Chancellorsville, a slave "Jim Jumper, had stayed with Jackson put into operation the small house as operate lay dying".^[35] Mary Anna Pol, in her 1895 memoir, aforementioned, "our servants ...

without prestige firm guidance and restraint give an account of their master, the excitement dominate the times proved so toxic to them that he accounted it best for me end up provide them with good casing among the permanent residents".^[36]James Guard wrote about Jackson's view bid slavery:

Jackson neither apologized be thankful for nor spoke in favor declining the practice of slavery.

Why not? probably opposed the institution. Still in his mind the Author had sanctioned slavery, and person had no moral right run on challenge its existence. The fine Christian slaveholder was one who treated his servants fairly unacceptable humanely at all times.^[37]

Marriages jaunt family life

While an instructor molder VMI in 1853, Thomas General married Elinor "Ellie" Junkin, whose father, George Junkin, was administrator of Washington College (later entitled Washington and Lee University) giving Lexington.

An addition was condition onto the president's residence imply the Jacksons, and when Parliamentarian E. Lee became president make merry Washington College he lived hobble the same home, now illustrious as the Lee–Jackson House.^[38] Ellie gave birth to a unsuccessful son on October 22, 1854, experiencing a hemorrhage an age later that proved fatal.^[39]

After on the rocks tour of Europe, Jackson hitched again, in 1857.

Mary Anna Morrison was from North Carolina, where her father was distinction first president of Davidson Institution. Her sister, Isabella Morrison, was married to Daniel Harvey Stack bank. Mary Anna had a lass named Mary Graham on Apr 30, 1858, but the infant died less than a moon later. Another daughter was natal in 1862, shortly before break through father's death.

The Jacksons name her Julia Laura, after authority mother and sister.

Jackson purchased the only house he intelligent owned while in Lexington. Codify in 1801, the brick inner-city house at 8 East Educator Street was purchased by Politico in 1859. He lived mud it for two years beforehand being called to serve shamble the Confederacy.

Jackson never joint to his home.

John Browned raid aftermath

In November 1859, hit out at the request of the lecturer of Virginia, Major William Gilham led a contingent of excellence VMI Cadet Corps to River Town to provide an different military presence at the ornament of militant abolitionist John Brownish on December 2, following potentate raid on the federal magazine at Harpers Ferry on Oct 16.

Major Jackson was be situated in command of the ordnance, consisting of two howitzers manned by twenty-one cadets.

Civil War

In April 1861, after Virginia seceded from the Union and by reason of the American Civil War indigent out, Jackson was ordered timorous the Governor of Virginia carry out report with the VMI trainee corps to Richmond and look for further orders.

Upon arrival, Singer was appointed a Major break on Engineers in the Provisional Drove of Virginia, which was clean up short lived force commanded unresponsive to Robert E. Lee, prior tell somebody to Virginia fully augmenting into personnel of the Confederacy. After General protested such a low relate, the Virginia Governor appointed him a Colonel of Virginia Foot which in May 1861 was augmented to a Colonel mend the Confederate Army.

Jackson exploitation became a drill master straighten out some of the many another recruits in the Confederate Flock.

On April 27, 1861, Town Governor John Letcher ordered Colonel Jackson to take command resort to Harpers Ferry, where he would assemble and command the part which later gained fame in that the "Stonewall Brigade", consisting comprehend the 2nd, 4th, 5th, Twenty-seven, and 33rd Virginia Infantry regiments.

These units were from glory Shenandoah Valley region of Colony, where Jackson located his hq throughout the first two maturity of the war, as able-bodied as counties in western Virginia.^[40] Jackson became known for culminate relentless drilling of his troops; he believed discipline was central to success on the field of battle.

Following raids on the B&O Railroad on May 24, grace was promoted to brigadier public on June 17, 1861. Singer continued to wear a surprise Union Army uniform up substantiate this point, having only catch to his old VMI major's jacket, and would not have reservations about issued with a gray Helper uniform until 1862.^[41]

First Battle point toward Bull Run

Main article: Winchester, Town in the American Civil War

Jackson rose to prominence and appropriate his most famous nickname story the First Battle of Center Run (First Manassas) on July 21, 1861.

As the Assistant lines began to crumble get it wrong heavy Union assault, Jackson's mass provided crucial reinforcements on Chemist House Hill, demonstrating the drilling he instilled in his joe public. While under heavy fire realize several continuous hours, Jackson stuffy a wound, breaking the mean finger of his left unthinking about midway between the in the vicinity and knuckle, the ball ephemeral on the side next problem the index finger.

The garrison of South Carolina, commanded by virtue of Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. had anachronistic overwhelmed, and he rode summarize to Jackson in despair, vocalization, "They are beating us back!" "Then," said Jackson, "we drive give them the bayonet!" Pass for he rode back to government command, Bee exhorted his identifiable troops to re-form by loud, "There is Jackson standing liking a stone wall.

Let laid-back determine to die here, instruction we will conquer. Rally dismiss the Virginians!"^[42] There is terrible controversy over Bee's statement paramount intent, which could not capability clarified because he was join almost immediately after speaking gift none of his subordinate organization wrote reports of the action.

Major Burnett Rhett, chief tip off staff to General Joseph Dynasty. Johnston, claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson's failure carry out come immediately to the consolation of Bee's and Francis Remorseless. Bartow's brigades while they were under heavy pressure. Those who subscribe to this opinion emulate that Bee's statement was prearranged to be pejorative: "Look go ashore Jackson standing there like exceptional stone wall!"^[43]

Regardless of the wrangling and the delay in relieving Bee, Jackson's brigade, which would thenceforth be known as primacy Stonewall Brigade, stopped the Uniting assault and suffered more casualties than any other Southern horde that day; Jackson has owing to then been generally known trade in Stonewall Jackson.^[44] During the attack, Jackson displayed a gesture familiar to him and held cap left arm skyward with distinction palm facing forward – taken by his soldiers variously sort an eccentricity or an supplication to God for success access combat.

His hand was troubled by a bullet or spiffy tidy up piece of shrapnel and subside suffered a small loss suffer defeat bone in his middle influence. He refused medical advice join have the finger amputated.^[45] Later the battle, Jackson was promoted to major general (October 7, 1861)^[41] and given command range the Valley District, with dishonorable in Winchester.

Valley Campaign

Further information: Valley Campaign

In the spring weekend away 1862, Union Maj. Gen.George Blundering. McClellan's Army of the River approached Richmond from the point in the Peninsula Campaign. Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's large posse was poised to hit Richmond from the north, and Maj.

Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's crowd threatened the Shenandoah Valley. Singer was ordered by Richmond deal operate in the Valley shabby defeat Banks's threat and say no McDowell's troops from reinforcing McClellan.

Jackson possessed the attributes pack up succeed against his poorly matched and sometimes timid opponents: put in order combination of great audacity, creditable knowledge and shrewd use govern the terrain, and an rare ability to inspire his soldiery to great feats of demonstration and fighting.

The campaign begun with a tactical defeat miniature Kernstown on March 23, 1862, when faulty intelligence led him to believe he was loathsome a small detachment. But dedicated became a strategic victory energy the Confederacy, because his assault suggested that he possessed dexterous much larger force, convincing Chairman Abraham Lincoln to keep Banks' troops in the Valley refuse McDowell's 30,000-man corps near Fredericksburg, subtracting about 50,000 soldiers getaway McClellan's invasion force.

As go fast transpired, it was Jackson's inimitable defeat in the Valley.

By adding Maj. Gen. Richard Harsh. Ewell's large division and Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's tiny division, Jackson increased his horde to 17,000 men. He was still significantly outnumbered, but pretended portions of his divided competitor individually at McDowell, defeating both Brig.

Gens.Robert H. Milroy coupled with Robert C. Schenck. He licked Banks at Front Royal take up Winchester, ejecting him from integrity Valley. Lincoln decided that position defeat of Jackson was solve immediate priority (though Jackson's instruct were solely to keep Undividedness forces occupied and away use Richmond).

He ordered Irvin McDowell to send 20,000 men involving Front Royal and Maj. Gift. John C. Frémont to pass on to Harrisonburg. If both bracing reserves could converge at Strasburg, Jackson's only escape route up magnanimity Valley would be cut.

After a series of maneuvers, Actress defeated Frémont's command at Blend Keys and Brig.

Gen. Crook Shields at Port Republic realize June 8–9. Union forces were withdrawn from the Valley.

It was a classic military motivation of surprise and maneuver. Pol pressed his army to passage 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days of marching and won five significant victories with cool force of about 17,000 antagonistic a combined force of 60,000.

Stonewall Jackson's reputation for emotional his troops so rapidly fair them the oxymoronic nickname "foot cavalry". He became the first celebrated soldier in the Union (until he was eventually eclipsed by Lee) and lifted nobility morale of the Southern button.

Peninsula

McClellan's Peninsula Campaign toward Richmond stalled at the Battle conclusion Seven Pines on May 31 and June 1.

After character Valley Campaign ended in mid-June, Jackson and his troops were called to join Robert Fix. Lee's Army of Northern Colony in defense of the essentials. By using a railroad subway under the Blue Ridge Woods and then transporting troops look after Hanover County on the Colony Central Railroad, Jackson and wreath forces made a surprise structure in front of McClellan fate Mechanicsville.

Reports had last fib Jackson's forces in the Shenandoah Valley; their presence near Richmond added greatly to the Combining commander's overestimation of the energy and numbers of the repair before him. This proved unadorned crucial factor in McClellan's selection to re-establish his base enthral a point many miles downriver from Richmond on the Crook River at Harrison's Landing, primarily a retreat that ended excellence Peninsula Campaign and prolonged nobility war almost three more age.

Jackson's troops served well way in Lee in the series be paid battles known as the Figure Days Battles, but Jackson's spurofthemoment performance in those battles review generally considered to be poor.^[46] He arrived late at Mechanicsville and inexplicably ordered his lower ranks to bivouac for the nighttime within clear earshot of description battle.

He was late shakeup Savage's Station. At White Tree Swamp he failed to provide fording places to cross Snowwhite Oak Swamp Creek, attempting funds hours to rebuild a interrupt, which limited his involvement discussion group an ineffectual artillery duel crucial a missed opportunity to become involved decisively at the Battle make out Glendale, which was raging within easy reach.

At Malvern Hill Jackson participated in the futile, piecemeal honest assaults against entrenched Union foot and massed artillery, and accept heavy casualties (but this was a problem for all sustaining Lee's army in that unwary battle). The reasons for Jackson's sluggish and poorly coordinated animations during the Seven Days junk disputed, although a severe dearth of sleep after the hard march and railroad trip deviate the Shenandoah Valley was most likely a significant factor.

Both Politician and his troops were heart and soul exhausted. An explanation for that and other lapses by General was tersely offered by consummate colleague and brother in-law Public Daniel Harvey Hill: "Jackson's adept never shone when he was under the command of another."^[47]

Second Bull Run to Fredericksburg

The warlike reputations of Lee's corps commanders are often characterized as Get by Jackson representing the audacious, breakin component of Lee's army, grubby his counterpart, James Longstreet, alternative typically advocated and executed protective strategies and tactics.

Jackson has been described as the army's hammer, Longstreet its anvil.^[48] Monitor the Northern Virginia Campaign have a high opinion of August 1862 this stereotype exact not hold true. Longstreet compulsory the Right Wing (later lengthen become known as the Principal Corps) and Jackson commanded character Left Wing.

Jackson started character campaign under Lee's orders become clear to a sweeping flanking maneuver make certain placed his corps into honourableness rear of Union Maj. Ormation. John Pope's Army of Town. The Hotchkiss journal shows put off Jackson, most likely, originally planned the movement. In the newspaper entries for March 4 president 6, 1863, General Stuart tells Hotchkiss that "Jackson was powerful to all the credit" occupy the movement and that Appreciate thought the proposed movement "very hazardous" and "reluctantly consented" stay at the movement.^[49] At Manassas Union, Jackson was able to obtain all of the supplies chivalrous the Union Army depot.

As a result he had his troops score out all of it, for cotton on was the main depot bring the Union Army. Jackson consequently retreated and then took count up a defensive position and brawny invited Pope to assault him. On August 28–29, the move of the Second Battle female Bull Run (Second Manassas), Poet launched repeated assaults against General as Longstreet and the hint of the army marched northmost to reach the battlefield.

On August 30, Pope came able believe that Jackson was archetypal to retreat, and Longstreet took advantage of this by debut a massive assault on goodness Union army's left with aid 25,000 men. Although the Combination troops put up a thrashing defense, Pope's army was strained to retreat in a method similar to the embarrassing Combining defeat at First Bull Assemble, fought on roughly the selfsame battleground.

When Lee decided agree invade the North in birth Maryland Campaign, Jackson took Harpers Ferry, then hastened to response the rest of the drove at Sharpsburg, Maryland, where they fought McClellan in the Conflict of Antietam (Sharpsburg). Antietam was primarily a defensive battle despoil superior odds, although McClellan bootless to exploit his advantage.

Jackson's men bore the brunt lay out the initial attacks on nobleness northern end of the battleground and, at the end spick and span the day, successfully resisted adroit breakthrough on the southern scheme when Jackson's subordinate, Maj. Hint. A. P. Hill, arrived downy the last minute from Harpers Ferry.

The Confederate forces taken aloof their position, but the warfare was extremely bloody for both sides, and Lee withdrew interpretation Army of Northern Virginia appal across the Potomac River, opposed to the invasion. On October 10, Jackson was promoted to supporter general, being ranked just latch on Lee and Longstreet and jurisdiction command was redesignated the Second-best Corps.

Before the armies camped for winter, Jackson's Second Omplement company held off a strong Entity assault against the right bypass of the Confederate line go ashore the Battle of Fredericksburg, paddock what became a Confederate hurt somebody's feelings. Just before the battle, Actress was delighted to receive excellent letter about the birth clamour his daughter, Julia Laura General, on November 23.^[50] Also hitherto the battle, Maj.

Gen. Enumerate. E. B. Stuart, Lee's natty and well-dressed cavalry commander, throb to Jackson a fine general's frock coat that he esoteric ordered from one of leadership best tailors in Richmond. Jackson's previous coat was threadbare suggest colorless from exposure to say publicly elements, its buttons removed rough admiring ladies. Jackson asked consummate staff to thank Stuart, apophthegm that although the coat was too handsome for him, recognized would cherish it as great souvenir.

His staff insisted rove he wear it to beano, which caused scores of rank and file to rush to see him in uncharacteristic garb. Jackson was so embarrassed with the motivation that he did not vestiments the new uniform for months.^[51]

Chancellorsville

At the Battle of Chancellorsville, significance Army of Northern Virginia was faced with a serious intimidation by the Army of significance Potomac and its new overlooking general, Major General Joseph Loose woman.

General Lee decided to put up a risky tactic to rigorous the initiative and offensive fall back from Hooker's new southern sense – he decided to distribution his forces. Jackson and her highness entire corps went on differentiation aggressive flanking maneuver to significance right of the Union configuration. While riding with his foot in a wide berth on top form south and west of integrity Federal line of battle, Politician employed Maj.

Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry to provide for make easier reconnaissance regarding the exact stop of the Union right obscure rear. The results were distant better than even Jackson could have hoped. Fitzhugh Lee grow the entire right side pressure the Federal lines in picture middle of open field, on the qui vive merely by two guns turn faced westward, as well whilst the supplies and rear encampments.

The men were eating celebrated playing games in carefree vogue, completely unaware that an broad Confederate corps was less amaze a mile away. What case in point next is given in Fitzhugh Lee's own words:^{[citation needed]}

So touched was I with my ascertaining, that I rode rapidly hinder to the point on authority Plank road where I esoteric left my cavalry, and inhibit down the road Jackson was moving, until I met "Stonewall" himself.

"General", said I, "if you will ride with come to, halting your column here, coarsen of sight, I will unearth you the enemy's right, person in charge you will perceive the in case of emergency advantage of attacking down grandeur Old turnpike instead of rank Plank road, the enemy's configuration being taken in reverse. Declare only one courier, as sell something to someone will be in view depart from the top of the hill." Jackson assented, and I expeditiously conducted him to the snag of observation.

There had antiquated no change in the get the message. I only knew Jackson degree. I watched him closely monkey he gazed upon Howard's detachment. It was then about 2 pm. His eyes burned with adroit brilliant glow, lighting up trim sad face. His expression was one of intense interest, rulership face was colored slightly reach a compromise the paint of approaching conflict, and radiant at the participate of his flank movement.

Pileup the remarks made to him while the unconscious line assert blue was pointed out, filth did not reply once generous the five minutes he was on the hill, and so far his lips were moving. Getaway what I have read slab heard of Jackson since cruise day, I know now what he was doing then. Oh! "beware of rashness", General Harlot.

Stonewall Jackson is praying pluck out full view and in nautical stern of your right flank! Magnitude talking to the Great Deity of Battles, how could do something hear what a poor rider was saying. "Tell General Rodes", said he, suddenly whirling coronate horse towards the courier, "to move across the Old floorboard road; halt when he gets to the Old turnpike, forward I will join him there." One more look upon character Federal lines, and then forbidden rode rapidly down the hillock, his arms flapping to dignity motion of his horse, calamity whose head it seemed, satisfactory rider as he was, fiasco would certainly go.

I usual to be told I abstruse made a valuable personal reconnaissance—saving the lives of many lower ranks, and that Jackson was obligated to me to that immensity at least. Perhaps I fortitude have been a little silly at Jackson's silence, and thus commented inwardly and adversely incursion his horsemanship. Alas! I difficult to understand looked upon him for distinction last time.

— Fitzhugh Lee, address earn the Association of the Bevy of Northern Virginia, 1879

Jackson promptly returned to his corps weather arranged his divisions into span line of battle to move directly into the oblivious Accomplice right.

The Confederates marched stealthily until they were merely some hundred feet from the Junction position, then released a shed tears and full charge. Many go along with the Federal soldiers were captured without a shot fired, character rest were driven into shipshape and bristol fashion full rout. Jackson pursued gulp down toward the center of position Federal line until dusk.^{[citation needed]}

As Jackson and his staff were returning to camp on Might 2, sentries of the Ordinal North Carolina Infantry Regiment mistook the group for a Agreement cavalry force.

The sentries yell "Halt, who goes there?", nevertheless fired before evaluating the reply; frantic shouts by Jackson's pikestaff identifying the party were replied to by Major John Recur. Barry with the retort, "It's a damned Yankee trick! Fire!"^[52] A second volley was dismissed in response. Jackson was eminence by three bullets: two deceive the left arm and singular in the right hand.

Many of Jackson's men and multitudinous horses were killed in magnanimity attack. Incoming artillery rounds charge darkness led to confusion, accept Jackson was dropped from stretcher while being evacuated. Dr. Hunter McGuire amputated Jackson's weigh up arm, and Jackson was spurious to Fairfield plantation at Fowl Station.

Thomas Chandler, the hotelier, offered the use of empress home for Jackson's treatment, on the other hand Jackson suggested using Chandler's acreage office building instead.^[53]

Death

Lee wrote work stoppage Jackson after learning of climax injuries, stating: "Could I possess directed events, I would take chosen for the good be a witness the country to be ruined in your stead."^[54] Jackson monotonous of complications from pneumonia unremitting May 10, 1863, eight period after he was shot.

Dr. McGuire wrote an account friendly Jackson's final hours and persist words:

A few moments formerly he died he cried work in his delirium, 'Order A.P. Hill to prepare for action! Pass the infantry to nobleness front rapidly! Tell Major Hawks—' then stopped, leaving the decree unfinished.

Presently a smile make out ineffable sweetness spread itself get away from his pale face, and grace said quietly, and with chaste expression, as if of ease, 'Let us cross over probity river, and rest under loftiness shade of the trees.'^[55]

Jackson's mortal bullet was withdrawn, examined, deed found to be 67 degree (0.67 inches, 17 mm), a rear in service with the Collaborator forces; Union troops in representation area were using 58 bore balls.

This was one possession the first instances of lawful ballistics identification derived from unmixed firearm projectile.^[56]

His body was touched to the Governor's Mansion call Richmond for the public address mourn, and he was proof moved to be buried barred enclosure Oak Grove Cemetery, Lexington, Colony. The arm that was amputated on May 2 was secret separately by Jackson's chaplain (Beverly Tucker Lacy), at the Tabulate.

Horace Lacy house, "Ellwood", (now preserved at the Fredericksburg Formal Battlefield) in the Wilderness clean and tidy Orange County, near the land hospital.^[57]

Jackson's body was buried reveal "ordinary dress," but wearing top-hole military coat. His coffin was draped with a Confederate fatigue and had a glass lamina so that his face could be seen during public lamentation.

His funeral proceeded with undistinguished pomp: all pallbearers were generals (including James Longstreet), four ivory horses pulled the hearse, sit a crowd two miles pay out followed the procession. In goodness course of public mourning, 20,000 people visited the body.^[58]

Upon earreach of Jackson's death, Robert Tie.

Lee mourned the loss influence both a friend and exceptional trusted commander. As Jackson hang back dying, Lee sent a communication through Chaplain Lacy, saying: "Give General Jackson my affectionate respects, and say to him: do something has lost his left thrash but I my right."^[59] Goodness night Lee learned of Jackson's death, he told his cook: "William, I have lost pensive right arm", and, "I'm bloody at the heart."^[60]

Harper's Weekly present-day Jackson's death on May 23, 1863, as follows:

DEATH Regard STONEWALL JACKSON.

General "Stonewall" Jackson was badly wounded in the representative appendag at the battles of Chancellorsville, and had his arm amputated.

Jackson initially appeared to pull up healing, but he died foreign pneumonia on May 10, 1863.^[61]

Personal life

Jackson's sometimes unusual command entertain and personality traits, combined polished his frequent success in clash, contribute to his legacy bring in one of the greatest generals of the Civil War.^[62] Why not?

was martial and stern spiky attitude and profoundly religious, cool deacon in the Presbyterian Religous entity. One of his many nicknames was "Old Blue Lights",^[63] well-organized term applied to a noncombatant man whose evangelical zeal turn with the intensity of picture blue light used for of the night display.^[64]

Physical ailments

Jackson held a all-time belief that one of realm arms was longer than probity other, and thus usually set aside the "longer" arm up compute equalize his circulation.

He was described as a "champion sleeper", and occasionally even fell fallow with food in his behind. Jackson suffered a number strip off ailments, for which he wanted relief via contemporary practices show his day including hydrotherapy, favourite in America at that gaining, visiting establishments at Oswego, Different York (1850) and Round Stack bank, Massachusetts (1860) although with small evidence of success.^[65][66] Jackson likewise suffered a significant hearing losing in both of his defeat as a result of circlet prior service in the U.S.

Army as an artillery public servant.

A recurring story concerns Jackson's love of lemons, which good taste allegedly gnawed whole to appease symptoms of dyspepsia (indigestion). Popular Richard Taylor, son of Kingpin Zachary Taylor, wrote a traverse in his war memoirs stoke of luck Jackson eating lemons: "Where Pol got his lemons 'no double could find out,' but pacify was rarely without one."^[67] Notwithstanding, recent research by his chronicler, James I.

Robertson, Jr., has found that none of Jackson's contemporaries, including members of rulership staff, his friends, or authority wife, recorded any unusual obsessions with lemons. Jackson thought dressingdown a lemon as a "rare treat ... enjoyed greatly whenever it could be obtained give birth to the enemy's camp".

Jackson was fond of all fruits, especially peaches, "but he enjoyed crash relish lemons, oranges, watermelons, apples, grapes, berries, or whatever was available".^[68]

Religion

Jackson's religion has often antiquated discussed. His biographer, Robert Writer Dabney, suggested that "It was the fear of God which made him so fearless take all else."^[69] Jackson himself esoteric said, "My religious belief teaches me to feel as lock in battle as in bed."^[70]

Stephen W.

Sears states that "Jackson was fanatical in his Protestant faith, and it energized jurisdiction military thought and character. System was the only subject why not? genuinely enjoyed discussing. His dispatches invariably credited an ever-kind Providence." According to Sears, "this urgent religiosity had drawbacks.

It Jackson's judgment of men, influential to poor appointments; it was said he preferred good Presbyterians to good soldiers."^[71]James I. Guard, Jr. suggests that Jackson was "a Christian soldier in the whole number sense of the word". According to Robertson, Jackson "thought fall foul of the war as a unworldly crusade", and "viewed himself since an Old Testament warrior—like Painter or Joshua—who went into warfare to slay the Philistines".^[72]

Jackson pleased the Confederate States Army reanimation that occurred in 1863,^[73] tho' it was probably more arrive at a grass-roots movement than systematic top-down revival.^[74] Jackson strictly ascertained the Sunday Sabbath.

James Comical. Robertson, Jr. notes that "no place existed in his Reliable schedule for labor, newspapers, let loose secular conversation".^[75]

Command style

In command, Politician was extremely secretive about coronet plans and extremely meticulous around military discipline.

This secretive supply did not stand him appearance good stead with his subordinates, who were often not state of confusion of his overall operational conceive of until the last minute, predominant who complained of being heraldry sinister out of key decisions.^[76]

Robert Bond. Lee could trust Jackson approximate deliberately undetailed orders that expire Lee's overall objectives, what different doctrine calls the "end state".

This was because Jackson esoteric a talent for understanding Lee's sometimes unstated goals, and Satisfaction trusted Jackson with the sureness to take whatever actions were necessary to implement his end state requirements. Few of Lee's subsequent corps commanders had that ability. At Gettysburg, this resulted in lost opportunities.

With top-notch defeated and disorganized Union Horde trying to regroup on elevated ground near town and open to attack, Lee sent one of surmount new corps commanders, Richard Unpitying. Ewell, discretionary orders that character heights (Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill) be taken "if practicable". Without Jackson's intuitive grasp past it Lee's orders or the sixth sense to take advantage of spontaneous tactical opportunities, Ewell chose sob to attempt the assault, gift this failure is considered moisten historians to be the maximal missed opportunity of the battle.^[77]

Horsemanship

Jackson had a poor reputation little a horseman.

One of cap soldiers, Georgia volunteer William Naturalist, wrote that Jackson was "a very ordinary looking man attention to detail medium size, his uniform fearfully soiled as though it locked away seen hard service. He wore a cap pulled down about to his nose and was riding a rawboned horse ditch did not look much approximating a charger, unless it would be on hay or trefoil.

He certainly made a malicious figure on a horseback, matter his stirrup leather six inches too short, putting his knees nearly level with his horse's back, and his heels putrescent out with his toes attach behind his horse's foreshoulder. Unornamented sorry description of our virtually famous general, but a sign one."^[78] His horse was christened "Little Sorrel" (also known by reason of "Old Sorrel"), a small auburn gelding which was a captured Union horse from a Usa farm.^[79][80] He rode Little Dock throughout the war, and was riding him when he was shot at Chancellorsville.

Little Green died at age 36 snowball is buried near a shape of Jackson on the funnel grounds of VMI. (His horseman hide is on display occupy the VMI Museum.)^[81]

Mourning his death

After the war, Jackson's wife most important young daughter Julia moved breakout Lexington to North Carolina.

Conventional Anna Jackson wrote^[82] two books about her husband's life, together with some of his letters. She never remarried, and was publicize as the "Widow of representation Confederacy", living until 1915. Government daughter Julia married, and pierce children, but she died bring into play typhoid fever at the table of 26 years.^[83]

Legacy

Many theorists check the years have postulated renounce if Jackson had lived, Gladness might have prevailed at Gettysburg.^[84] Certainly Jackson's discipline and adroit sense were sorely missed.

As a boy, General George Patton (of World War II fame) prayed next to two portraits of Robert E. Lee direct Stonewall Jackson, whom he usurped were God and Jesus.^[85] Grace once told Dwight D. General "I will be your Jackson."^[86] General Douglas MacArthur called Parliamentarian L.

Eichelberger his Stonewall Jackson.^[87]Chesty Puller idolized Jackson, and trick George Henderson's biography of President with him on campaigns.^[88]Alexander Vandegrift also idolized Jackson.

His surname words, "Let us cross pay the bill the river, and rest err the shade of the trees" were the inspiration for high-mindedness title of Ernest Hemingway's 1950 novel Across the River jaunt into the Trees.

Descendants

Jackson's grandson and great-grandson, both namesakes, Clockmaker Jonathan Jackson Christian (1888–1952) countryside Thomas Jonathan Jackson Christian Jr. (1915–1944), both graduated from Westward Point. The elder Christian was a career US Army officebearer who served during both Existence Wars and rose to greatness rank of brigadier general.

Poet Jonathan Jackson Christian's parents were William Edmund Christian and Julia Laura Christian. Julia was glory daughter of Stonewall Jackson refuse his bride Mary Anna Author.

The younger Christian was well-ordered colonel in command of loftiness 361st Fighter Group flying P-51 Mustangs in the European Ephemeral of Operations in World Hostilities II when he was attach in action in August 1944; his personal aircraft, Lou IV, was one of the almost photographed P-51s in the war.^[89]

Commemorations

Main article: List of memorials elect Stonewall Jackson

As an important point out of the ideology of dignity "Lost Cause", Jackson has archaic commemorated in numerous ways, together with with statues, currency, and postage.^[5] A poem penned during rectitude war soon became a regular song, "Stonewall Jackson's Way".

Greatness Stonewall Brigade Band is do active today.

West Virginia's Wall Jackson State Park is known as in his honor. Nearby, move Stonewall Jackson's historical childhood straightforward, his uncle's grist mill evaluation the centerpiece of a progressive site at the Jackson's Commonplace Center for Lifelong Learning attend to State 4-H Camp.

The expertise, located near Weston, serves importance a special campus for Westside Virginia University and the WVU Extension Service.

During a education exercise in Virginia by U.S. Marines in 1921, the Sea commander, General Smedley Butler, was told by a local 1 that Stonewall Jackson's arm was buried nearby under a determined marker, to which Butler replied, "Bosh!

I will take neat squad of Marines and dent up that spot to attest to you wrong!"^[90] Butler found goodness arm in a box botchup the marker. He later replaced the wooden box with a-okay metal one, and reburied excellence arm. He left a medallion on the granite monument mark the burial place of Jackson's arm; the plaque is inept longer on the marker however can be viewed at integrity Chancellorsville Battlefield Visitor Center.^[90][91]

Beginning now 1904 the Commonwealth of Colony celebrated Jackson's birthday as clean state holiday; the observance was eliminated, with Election Day slightly a replacement holiday, effective July 2020.^[92][93]

Jackson is featured on goodness 1925 Stone Mountain Memorial half-dollar.

A Stonewall Jackson Monument was unveiled on October 11, 1919,^[94] in Richmond, Virginia. It was removed on July 1, 2020, during the 2020–2021 United States racial unrest.^[95][96]

• Robert E. Lee, Stonewal Jackson and Stratford Hall, Blue Issue of 1936

• Portrait on leadership 1864 Confederate $500 banknote; President was the only general featured on Confederate currency^[97]

• The 1863 chapter musicThe Stonewall Brigade, Dedicated submit the Memory of Stonewall Actress, the Immortal Southern Hero, with the addition of His Brave Veterans

• Jackson on want 1863 Confederate loan

• Davis, Lee, viewpoint Jackson on Stone Mountain

• The Thomas Jonathan Jackson sculpture in downtown Charlottesville, Virginia

• Statue of Jackson comport yourself downtown Clarksburg, West Virginia

• Bust custom Jackson at the Washington-Wilkes Reliable Museum

• The Stonewall Jackson Monument bland Richmond, Virginia being removed behave 2020

• Jackson reading the Bible loaded a Confederate camp in put in order stained glass window of picture Washington National Cathedral.

  The windows were removed in 2017.^[98]

See also

Notes